GETTING DOWN TO THE “ROOTS” OF HUMAN NATURE – REALLY?
This article begins
by describing neural pathways associated with empathy then goes on at great
length to describe empathetic processes at higher levels of analysis. These
levels - the psychological, social, and cultural - provide a number of
explanations of empathetic processes. These include the formation of concepts
of self that have greatest meaning within social contexts and that are fed,
maintained, and changed by cultural beliefs and values; the display of social
actions based on varying notions of self and others; and the power of cultural
concepts to define and animate, and motivate selves and groups.
The key researcher
admits this but insists that the solution is in the brain, not in modifying or "renovating"
notions of self, others, beliefs, values, and social norms. He writes:
"[T]he
picture remains incomplete. We still need to map a host of other
empathy-related tasks — like judging the reasonableness of people’s arguments
and sympathizing with their mental and emotional states — to specific brain
regions. And then we need to figure out how these neural flashes translate into
actual behavior: Why does understanding what someone else feels not always
translate to being concerned with their welfare? Why is empathizing across
groups so much more difficult? And what, if anything, can be done to change
that calculus?"
It is implied that
psychological and social efforts to introduce more empathetic beliefs, values,
and social norms in the hope of achieving more empathetic behavior have failed.
In the short-term cases he mentions, he's correct.
However, if his
implication of the failure of cultural renovation is meant as a statement about
human nature and history, or an indictment of human agency and culture for
failing to be determinative, re-/innovative evolutionary forces, then we need
to reconsider our entire understanding of the past 200,000+ years of human
cultural evolution. That the emergence of symbolic language was an act of brain
physiology not a socio-cultural innovation. That the invention and spread of
complex tool use was driven by the workings of brain meat not innovation and
cultural diffusion. That agriculture, urban living, laws, treaties,
International protocols and conventions, and the liberating and humanizing
principles of civilizations, including those of the Enlightenment, arose from
the brain and not from the efforts of embodied yet socially defined and
culturally motivated selves. That the matter of "just" wars against
fascism, movements for racial liberation and human rights, for example, leading
to psycho-socio-cultural transformations and the opening of new pathways toward
the betterment of Humankind are, at their root, brain activity.
"I get that
these are complicated problems,” he told me. “I get that there isn’t going to
be any one magic solution. But if you trace even the biggest of these conflicts
down to its roots, what you find are entrenched biases, and these sort-of
calcified failures of empathy. So I think no matter what, we have to figure out
how to root that out.”
Ah, yes, tracing
human behavior "down to its roots." Identifying "Entrenched
biases" and "failures of empathy" and figuring out "how to
root them out."
I think a better
argument can be made for investigating the psychological make-up, the child
rearing experienced, and the social and cultural transformations persistently
worked for by persons who have had the greatest impact on Humankind - Spinoza,
Lincoln, Twain, Churchill, the Roosevelts, Nyerere, King, Mandela, and many,
many other men and women. It is in their embodied socially active selves, their
deep inner personal commitments to humanity and humaneness, and the actions
they took that we can expect to find the roots of empathy, and the means of understanding
and addressing the conditions under which it flourishes and fails.
By all means, study
the brain and reveal its relationship to the higher, more complex levels of
being human. It is, I believe, from studying this relationship that further and
better knowledge will be developed about complex human behaviors - from the
mind-body problem to or place in the universe - not in reducing complex human
thought and behavior to the properties and processes of bodily matter.
HOW DARWINIAN IS CULTURAL EVOLUTION?
Understanding culture
and the beliefs and values of specific cultures from a strictly Darwinian
selection point of view is not a new approach.
The most recent attempt was by Richard Dawkins in his The Selfish Gene in which he coined the term "meme" as the basic unit of cultural evolutionary selection and set in motion the study (I hesitate to call it a discipline or sub-discipline) of memetics. British psychologist Susan Blackmore (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Blackmore) is for Dawkins what Thomas Huxley became forDarwin
I didn't jump on the memetic bandwagon at first because, well, it was a bandwagon. But mainly I didn't and still don't like the approach because it smacks of the old, unsubstantiated Kroeberian and Whiteian take on culture as having a superorganic existence and processes of its own, independent of its symbiotic hosts, the minds of individuals.
Scott-Phillips ofDurham University
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1642/20130368
The most recent attempt was by Richard Dawkins in his The Selfish Gene in which he coined the term "meme" as the basic unit of cultural evolutionary selection and set in motion the study (I hesitate to call it a discipline or sub-discipline) of memetics. British psychologist Susan Blackmore (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Blackmore) is for Dawkins what Thomas Huxley became for
I didn't jump on the memetic bandwagon at first because, well, it was a bandwagon. But mainly I didn't and still don't like the approach because it smacks of the old, unsubstantiated Kroeberian and Whiteian take on culture as having a superorganic existence and processes of its own, independent of its symbiotic hosts, the minds of individuals.
Scott-Phillips of
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1642/20130368
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE HUMAN?
RETURN TO REALISM
Here’s a good essay
on the return of realism and the end of postmodernism and its attack on the
natural and social sciences. How so many bought into the PM notion that reality
is nothing more that our linguistic formulations is beyond me. Yes, we use
mind-imbedded language to engage the natural and social worlds but that does
not justify the PM conclusion that that engagement is the only reality.
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